The aim of this study was to determine the effect of environmental sensitivity on, employee pro-environmental Behavior, considering the role of mediating effect of Social comparison Nudge and Green Nudge. The purpose of this study is descriptive and survey method. The statistical sample in this study was 189 employees of the environmental organization of Semnan province who were selected randomly. In order to analyze the data, partial least squares method was used. The findings indicate that the instrument of measuring is well-suited and its reliability coefficient is more than 0. 7 for all research structures. The results indicate that environmental sensitivity has a positive and significant effect on employee Pro-environmental behaviour. Also the environmental sensitivity has a positive and significant effect on Social comparison Nudge and Green Nudge. On the other hand, the Social comparison Nudge has a negative and significant effect on the employee pro-environmental behaviour, but the Green Nudge has a positive and significant effect on these behaviors. In addition, the social comparison Nudge and Green Nudge does not play the role of mediation between environmental sensitivity and Employee Pro-Environmental behaviour. With notice of ignoring the role and importance of organizational Nudges, this research has a novel and fresh look at this category, which can lead to the emergence of more Nudges to improve and strengthen behaviors in the organizational arena.

Nowadays cities benefit from two geographical (natural, social, and economical environments) and artificial (man-made environment, and architecture) symbols. Mankind has always been trying to change these two symbols for the sake of his daily activities or earning his life and establishing a dwelling both as an interest and as a shelter. During this process Green areas, jungles, and gardens have been changed into skyscrapers and buildings. Bricks, cement, and metallic plates have replaced for attractive views of nature. Today’s citizens have a sad feeling while they see that they have fallen far from the beauties and quietness of nature.To solve this problem, industrialists have developed the Green roof technology. Urban planners and architects use it as a ‘back to nature’ process. Green roof is a method to convert the rough, dry, and cold parts of the city into Green spots. Besides Green roofs can create micro-climatic zones which reduce pollution and improve the living conditions of the citizens.This process is highly advantageous for cities like Tehran which is located in a 730 sq. km. of land delimited by mountains and deserts.67.9 percent of the city is occupied by buildings and about thirteen million people live in this city. Green roofs are good means for reducing these problems of Tehran.

With climate change and increasing emissions, the environmental issue has become a major challenge for companies, which has required them to mobilize resources and basic capabilities to achieve sustainability and environmental protection. Therefore, based on theories such as the Green Nudge theory, companies are trying to change the nature of leadership from classical dimensions to modern leadership dimensions such as salutogenic, to take more effective measures in the direction of the sustainability of environmental behaviors of human resources. The purpose of this research is to develop a salutogenic leadership mechanism based on the Green Nudge theory of environmental behaviors of human resources. The research methodology is combined. The statistical population in the qualitative phase is 18 specialists and experts in the field of management at the university level. In a small part, the participation of 24 people from the managers of companies active in the petrochemical industry was used. The basis of sample selection is the use of a homogeneous method. The results of the research show that the followers of the strategy are considered to be the most vital mechanism based on the Green Nudge theory that can contribute to the sustainability of the environmental behavior of human resources in the petrochemical industry. The result is indicative of the fact that salutogenic leadership, which is used as a strategic adaptation mechanism, changes the perceived values of human resources towards the environment, and due to the Green professional identity created according to the Green Nudge theory, the level of stability of behaviors in petrochemical related companies is strengthened more than before.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of place attachment on environmental behavior of employees with the mediating role of alternative and cycle behaviors and Green Nudge. This research is descriptive, using a survey method. The sample consists of 189 employees in Department of Environment of Semnan Province selected randomly. Partial Least Squares method was used to analyze the data. Findings verify the validity and reliability of research instrument. The reliability coefficient is higher than 0. 7 for all research constructs. Results show that place attachment has a positive and significant effect on employees' environmental behaviors. There is also a positive and significant effect of place attachment on variables of alternative and cycle behaviors of employee and Green Nudge. As well, alternative and cycle behaviors of employee and Green Nudge have a positive and significant effect on employees' environmental behaviors. Finally, Green Nudge and alternative and cycle behaviors do not mediate the relationship between place attachment and environmental behaviors of employees.

Background: A Nudge can cause favorable behavioral changes in line with organizational goals and even increase productivity, satisfaction with, and trust in healthcare organizations. Nurses must make sound and fast decisions to meet patient needs and perform the necessary interventions as they have limited time to stop and logically analyze what actions they must take. Besides, sometimes people make decisions that are not bad for them, but they need to receive help to make better choices. Hence, nudging strategies can help them to make more effective decisions. To this end, the present study aimed to identify the reasons for using Nudges in healthcare organizations. Methods: Following interpretive philosophy and a qualitative approach, the present study sought to identify the reasons for using Nudges. This study was conducted using a grounded theory approach based on Colaizzi’, s seven-step data analysis method. The research population included nurses working in private and public hospitals in Kerman. The participants were 15 nurses who were selected through purposive sampling until the data were saturated. Results: Data analysis showed people tend to use Nudges for individual reasons such as minimizing mistakes at work, reducing stress, valuable changes, decreasing the risk of criticism, reducing the halo effect and stereotyping errors, preserving the personality, not losing freedom, cognitive limitations, increasing the probability of accepting the message, and maintaining relationships,managerial reasons such as flexible and gradual nature of Nudges, risk management, extra-role behaviors, safety, the elimination of unnecessary formalities, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and behavior management,and finally organizational reasons such as increasing productivity, creating a favorable climate, promoting a culture of criticism, win-win strategy, increasing trust in the organization, and risk management tools. Conclusion: The data in this study revealed that staff in healthcare organizations tend to use Nudges for individual, managerial, and organizational reasons. An awareness of these reasons helps healthcare organizations to use nudging strategies in emergencies and in a limited period to change employees’,behavior in line with organizational goals and policies.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “Green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the Green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, Green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of Green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of Green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the Green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “Green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the Green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as Green city, is determined. Analysis of the Green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of Green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of Green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of Green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of Green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the Green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the Green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of Green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving Green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Background and Objective: Today, the performance of the steel industry in the environmental field is strictly under the control and supervision of the governments and environmental institutions in the countries. Considering the importance of the environmental performance of this industry and its impact on sustainable development, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of Green Nudge on environmental organizational behaviors with regard to the mediating role of corporate social responsibility and unconscious mind in the steel industry. Material and Methodology: In terms of the type of goal, this research has been done in an applied, descriptive manner and with a survey approach. In this research, the statistical population consistes of 350 active employees of Ghadir Steel Company in Niris, who were selected through convenience sampling. Partial least squares approach was used for data analysis and the software used in this research is Smart PLS-2. Convergent validity was used to measure validity, and Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure reliabitity, and its coefficient is greater than 0. 7 for all research constructs. Findings: The findings of this research indicated that Green Nudges have a positive and significant effect on both organizational environmental behaviors and corporate social responsibility and the unconscious mind. On the other hand, the positive and significant effect of corporate social responsibility and unconscious mind on organizational environmental behavior was confirmed in Niriz Steel Company. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, the results of this research showed that both corporate social responsibility and the unconscious mind play a mediating role in the relationship between Green Nudge and environmental organizational behaviors. Also, some factors that can contribute to a healthy environment in addition to corporate social responsibility are attention to Green human resource management and Green behaviors of employees. Therefore, future researches are suggested to examine the relationship of this concept with other mentioned topics. Since the current research was conducted only in a limited industrial environment, it is suggested to future researches to test this research in other companies, industries and cities.

It is a privilege that some of the most promising contributors to public health ethics took the time to think and comment on my op-ed. Kristin Voigt’s (1), Emma Tieffenbach’s (2), and Yashar Saghai’s (3) ingenious comments have taught me a lot about nudging, embarrassment, and restriction. Let me address their main points one by one.

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between organizational Nudge and organizational mobbing variables with employee job stress. Methods: The present study was conducted in the descriptive-correlation method with applied nature in 1400. The statistical population includes 228 administrative, financial, and support staff of Shiraz military hospitals. A statistical sample of 143 people was selected based on Cochran's formula. The sampling method was simple random available and the standard questionnaire measurement selection was used in which the 5-point Likert scale from strongly agree to disagree strongly was used. Demographic, organizational Nudge, organizational mobbing, and job stress questionnaires were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed by content, convergent and divergent methods, and their reliability was evaluated by internal consistency and composite reliability. The structural equation model was used to analyze the correlation and Amos software version 26 and SPSS version 22 were used for data analysis. Results: The output of structural equations showed that the coefficient of statistical path of t-statistic was negatively and significantly correlated between organizational Nudge variables with job stress (t = 9/25, β,=-0/586) and positively correlated between organizational mobbing variables and job stress. Is significant (t = 6/55, β,= 0/594). Conclusion: Increasing the hostile behaviors of employees in the workplace leads to increasing job stress and reducing organizational productivity. With timely Nudge and control of these hostile behaviors, the efficiency and health of the organizational environment can be increased.